Which of the following can lead to dilated pupils?

Dilated pupils, also known as mydriasis, can occur due to sympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in response to stress, danger, or excitement, leading to the "fight or flight" response. This activation causes a release of catecholamines, such as epinephrine, which can result in pupil dilation.

When the body perceives a threat or is in a state of heightened arousal, the pupils dilate to enhance vision and allow more light to enter the eyes, thereby improving the ability to assess and react to the environment. This physiological response is critical in emergency situations, particularly in pediatrics, where understanding the signs of autonomic system responses can guide immediate care.

The other options, while they may influence overall physiological functions, do not lead to dilated pupils in the same direct manner. Low blood pressure and hypoglycemia generally lead to other symptoms, while severe dehydration can cause constricted pupils due to compensatory mechanisms aimed at maintaining blood pressure and organ perfusion. Understanding these responses helps clinicians assess and prioritize pediatric emergencies effectively.